Public Law 94-142
- Increased numbers of students receiving special education services
- Increased numbers of students included in general education classrooms
- Increased funding for special education services
- Thomas Jefferson believed citizens had to be educated in order to support this new form of government called democracy
Secondary public education
- Latin grammar school primarily for upper class boys who needed preparation for college
- Ben franklin replaced schools and ended up having 3 different tracks
- College preparation
- A general curriculum for students not going onto college
- Normal track, primarily for girls who wanted to be elementary teachers
Organization of secondary education
- 1920’s most high schools included 9-12 and had 4 options
- College preparatory
- commercial /business
- Vocational
- General
- Purpose-1918 the Commission of the Reorganization of Secondary Education published “Cardinal Principles of Education”
- Health
- Command of fundamental processes
- Worthy home membership
- Vocation
- Civic education
- Worthy use of leisure
- Ethical character
- Secondary school curricula
- Prepared for college and post-secondary education, vocational and technical education and opportunities
- No Child Left Behind
- Diversity in schools-language, race, culture, religion
- Differentiated instruction-teacher can’t expect all students to be capable of achieving at the same level
- Challenges-mirror those found in society
- Substance abuse
- Violence in schools
- Increased accountability standards
- High dropout rates
- Limited parental involvement
- High dropout rate
- U.S. Census Bureau Standard (2003) reported 56% of high school dropouts were unemployed
- Alabama Cooperative Extension System estimated dropouts earn about 45% less than those who complete high school or an GED
- An overriding factor-feelings of social alienation, lack of competence, how to use social skills
- Student variables-homework completion and behavior
- Family variables-motivational support
- School variables-caring teachers, orderly school environments
- Addressing the issue-teachers consider demographics, classroom environments and instruction, administrative issues, staff issues
- NCLB Act of 2001 authorized more than 26 billion for K-12 public education to increase achievement and hold schools accountable for student performance
- Focusing too much on subject matter and less likely to address the developmental needs of students
- Could have a negative impact on secondary students with disabilities
- Cant secondary teachers help with the student to focus on making sure kids reach the standards
Special Education Services in Secondary Schools
- Disadvantages
- Isolation from their age peers for instructional and social activities
- Limited appropriate role models
- Teacher might have limited knowledge of some subject areas
- Students are considered to belong to the special group no majority group
- Resource Room Model
- Work Study programs
Inclusion of students with disabilities in secondary schools
- Inclusion movement
- Relative isolation
- Integration
- Inclusion
- Empowerment and self-determination
- Advantages
- More opportunities to interact with nondisabled peers
- Positive academic and social outcomes for students with disabilities
- Access to general curriculum
- Better utilization of instructional resources
- Disadvantages
- General education teacher and administrators may not have been extensively involved in preparing for inclusion
- Preparation programs have not changed to focus on an inclusion model
- While supportive, empirical studies on the impact of inclusion are limited
- Teacher support for inclusion
- Teachers adapting and modifying instruction
- Very few teacher felt students with disabilities should be educated in separate classes
Legal basis for special education services
- Individuals with disabilities Education Act
- Education for All Handicapped Children Act
- Eligibility
- Intellectual disability
- Specific learning disabilities
- Hearing impairment (including deafness)
- Visual impairment (including blindness)
- Serious emotional disturbance
- Orthopedic impairment
- Other impairments
- Multiple disabilities
- Autism
- Traumatic brain injury
- Speech or language impairments
- Assessment
- What services need to be provided to ensure student is receiving free appropriate public education (FAPE)
- Designed to meet unique needs of student
- Annual goals
- How process towards goals are measured
- Services to be provided
- Explanation of extent, if any, student will be removed from general education classrooms
- Statement of any accommodations needed for high stakes assessment
- Least Restrictive Environment
- Student with disabilities should be educated with nondisabled peers as much as possible
- Transition
- Promotes movement from one school to postsecondary activities including postsecondary education, career-technical training, integrated employment, and independent living skills
- Section 504 and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
- Differences between 50, ADA, and IDEA is the definition of disability and therefore eligibility.
- IDEA
- have specific category of disabilities resulting in their need for special education
- Only applies to individuals birth to 22
- Individuals only in public schools
- 504 and ADA
- No specific categories of disabilities required under the eligibility
- Qualify for protections and services-must only have physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity (walking, talking, seeing, hearing, learning, working, performing manual tasks)
- All ages and aspects of life, including education, employment, public accommodations (lodging, restaurants, retail and services center)
- Litigations and special education
- FAPE, related services, tuition reimbursement, discipline, establishment clause and services in parochial schools, zero project, least restrictive environment, extended school year, private schools, placement
- Increasing accountability
No comments:
Post a Comment